The list of viral infections and viral diseases is extensive and the eradication of one pathogen may provide a niche for another pathogen to become more virulent. The global approach to eradicate polio is another example, with currently up to 80% of the world's population living in polio‐free regions and a ‘collaborative strategic endgame plan’ in place to eradicate the last reservoirs of polio (the Global Polio Eradication Initiative). However, a significant decrease worldwide can be expected only when the equivalent of western world resources become available in resource‐poor areas. Unfortunately, there has been a recent measles outbreak in the USA (288 cases), mostly in unvaccinated individuals ( ).Īs a result of new vaccines and vaccination policies, and also improved medical care and development of novel drugs, worldwide infectious disease fatalities have not increased in the past two decades. In 2010, at the 63rd World Health Assembly, a global goal was proposed to eliminate the disease with a target of a 95% reduction in mortality by 2015. Effective vaccines are available and in the USA measles was declared eliminated in 2000. Measles is a highly contagious infection of the respiratory system that spreads through aerosol transmission or contact with nasal and oral fluids. The approach to measles is another example demonstrating the success of vaccines. This approach succeeded because the smallpox virus (variola) is essentially comprised of a single strain and does not have an animal vector. The most successful example of a human‐driven eradication is that of the smallpox virus following implementation of a worldwide vaccination strategy. Worldwide policies to reduce or eliminate the risk of epidemics have had some success, and several infectious diseases have been largely eradicated or are under control in the western world as a result of national vaccination programs. Well‐known recent examples of these are swine flu and avian or bird flu, which is sometimes confused with the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (a corona virus). transmission of an animal flu virus to humans) or ‘genetic recombination’ (more precisely, reassortment of gene segments) of a human virus with a nonhuman form that crosses species. In comparison, vaccine effectiveness among those who did get influenza vaccination in the previous year was substantially lower.’ Occasionally, a new influenza variant may cause a pandemic as a result of zoonosis (i.e. However, it should be noted that 87 ‘The influenza vaccine was only 62% effective among people who did not receive influenza vaccination in the prior year. Annually modified influenza vaccines available in the western world were initially offered to individuals at risk but are now available to everyone. By contrast, influenza results in many fatalities, particularly in the elderly and in individuals with suppressed immune systems. As it is caused by a group of highly contagious airborne viruses for which no vaccine is available, the best protection is to avoid close proximity to individuals who are infected. The common cold is generally not life threatening and usually resolves without medical intervention. Influenza and the common cold viruses are among the most frequent types of human viral infections. Common examples of viruses isolated from the oral cavity include rotavirus, norovirus, HIV, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus and influenza viruses. Human viral infection and transmission can occur through multiple paths, such as fecal–oral, ingestion of contaminated food and drinks, sexual contact, exposure to infected blood, exchange of saliva or by aerosols generated by sneezing or coughing. There is no single infectious route used by all viruses. When immediate detection of infection is important, point‐of‐care devices that obtain a non‐invasive sample from the oral cavity can be used to provide a first line diagnosis to assist in determining appropriate counselling and therapeutic path for an increasing number of diseases. The results of two studies using a rapid and semi‐quantitative lateral flow assay format demonstrating the correlation of HIV anti‐IgG/sIgA detection with saliva and serum samples are presented. saliva mucosal transudate or an oral swab) instead of blood or urine. Increasingly, viral infections have been diagnosed using an oral sample (e.g. Here, we survey viral infections in general and then focus on those viruses that are found in and/or are transmitted via the oral cavity norovirus, rabies, human papillomavirus, Epstein‐Barr virus, herpes simplex viruses, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. Over the last 10 years there have been only a handful of publications dealing with the oral virome, which is in contrast to the oral microbiome, an area that has seen considerable interest.
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